Communication Media/Channel

Communication Media/Channel

Ninzira zinyuzwamo amakuru, kugirango agere aho yoherejwe.

Amoko ya Communication Media/Channel

Tugiye kureba amoko atandukanye y'amayira, anyuzwamo amakuru, kugirango ave ahantu hamwe, agere ahandi.

A) Amayira atwara amakuru, akoresheje insinga (Wired/Guided Media)

Amakuru yoherezwa, hakoreshejwe insinga zagenewe gutwara anakuru.

1. Twisted Pair Cable
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber Optic

1. Twisted Pair Cable

Ninsinga ebyiri zisobekeranye, zikozwe mucyuma cya copper.

Ubwoko bwa Twisted Pair Cable

i. Shielded Twisted Pair cable (UTP)

Ifite ikindi gice (shielded) hejuru kiyirinda.

ii. Unshielded Twisted Pair cable (STP)

Ntango ifite ikindi gice hejuru kiyirinda.

2. Coaxial Cable

Nurutsinga rukozwe muri copper, ruri hagati yibindi bice birurinze, bitanyurwamo n'amashanyarazi, nikindi gice cy'icyuma kigeretse hejuru kirurinda.

3. Fiber Optic

Nurutsinga (cable) rwohereza amakuru, hakoreshejwe urumuri (light signals), mumwanya wo gukoresha amashanyarazi, nkuko kuri twisted pair cable bigenda.

B) Amayira atwara amakuru, adakoresheje insinga

Ni amayira anyuzwamo amakuru, ariko hadakoreshejwe insinga. Amakuru aca m'umwuka cyangwa mukirere.

1. Radio Waves
2. Microwaves
3. Infrared
4. Satellite Communication
5. Bluetooth
6. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

1. Radio Waves

• Zikoreshwa na televiziyo, radio muri broadcasting, Bluetooth na Wi-Fi muri broadcasting.
• Zitwara amakuru muntera ndende.
• Zambukiranya munkuta.

Broadcasting

Ni ubwoko bwo kohereza amakuru, ava ahantu hamwe (single source), akakirwa n'abantu benshi cyangwa ibikoresho byinshi (many devices) mugihe kimwe.

Urugero: Radio broadcasting, TV broadcasting.

2. Microwaves

• Bukoreshwa na point-to-point communication.
• Bwohereza amakuru muntera ndende (long distance).
• Bukenera line of sight.
• Bukoreshwa n'ihererekanyamakuru rya satellite (satellite communication), nirya telefone (telephone networks).
• Butwara ingano y'amakuru menshi cyane (high data capacity).
• Ikibi nuko amazu maremare (long buildings) cyangwa ikirere kibi (bad weather) bibangamira cyangwa bikanafunga inzira y'amakuru, ntagere aho yoherejwe.

Point-to-point communication (one-to-one communication)

Ni ihererekanyamakuru, aho uwohereza ari umwe, n'uwakira akaba umwe gusa.

Broadcasting (one-to-many communication)

Uwohereza amakuru ni umwe gusa, abakira ni benshi.

Line of Sight

Ni igihe ahantu amakuru ava, haba hagomba kuba hateganye neza, cyangwa harebana naho ajya, bimeze nkaho biri kumurongo. Iyo hari icyitambika uwo murongo, ntabwo amakuru agera aho yari agiye.

3. Infrared

Ni ihererekanyamakuru muntera nto, rikoresha urumuri rwitwa infrared (infrared light). Ntabwo abu buryo, amakuru yakwambukiranya inkuta (walls), bisaba kuba aho amakuru ava, naho ajya haba hegeranye, kandi nta rukuta ruri hagati.

Urugero: Telekomande ya televiziyo (TV Remotes).

4. Satellite Communication

Ni ihererekanyamakuru, ryifashisha satellite.

• Amakuru ava kw'isi.
• Akagera kuri satellite iri mukirere (space).
• Satellite ikayongerera imbaraga (amplifies).
• Ikayohereza ahandi hantu kw'isi.
• Ni ihererekanyamakuru riba muntera ndende kw'isi hose. Aho waba uri hose kw'isi, wakohereza amakuru ahandi aho ariho hose kw'isi.
• Amakuru atinda munzira, kugirango agere aho agiye (high latency).
• Irahenze (expensive).

Satellite

Ni igikoresho (device) cyoherezwa mu kirere (space), kugirango kijye cyakira, kinohereze amakuru. Ituma habaho ihererekanyamakuru ryo mu ntera ndende cyane.

• Ituma kandi habaho guhamagarana kwambukiranya imipaka y'ibighugu kuri telephpone (international phone calls), bidasabye iminara (towers).
• Ituma interineti igera aho ariho hose kw'isi, niyo haba hatari ibikorwa remezo bya interineti nka fiber optics.

Latency

Ni igihe amakuru agenda, kugira agere aho yoherejwe.

Muri communication, ijambo signal rikunze gukoreshwa.

Signal

Ni imbaraga (energy) zitwara amakuru ava ahantu hamwe ajya ahandi.

5. Bluetooth

Nabwo nuburyo budakoresha insinga, bukoreshwa mu guhererekanya amakuru mu ntera nto. Bukunze gukoreshwa na headphones zidakoresha urutsinga, keyboard zidakoresha urutsinga, guhererekanya amakuru make (files).

6. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

Ni uburyo bwo guhererekanya amakuru, bitarenze gace runaka, ariko muri metero nyinshi hadakoreshejwe insinga.

Urugero:

• Interineti yo murugo (home internet), mubiro (offices) hotspot.
• Uko intera iba ndende, signal zigenda zigabanuka.

Hotspot

Ni uburyo telephone iha ibindi bikoresho interineti, bikayikoresha.

• Ufungura interineti ya telefone.
• Ugafungura na hotspot ya telefone.
• Iyo umaze gufungura hotspot, ibindi bikoresho bihita bibona izina rya interineti yiyo telephone.