Ibiragano bya Mudasobwa

Ibiragano bya Mudasobwa (Computer Generations)

1. Ikiragano cya mbere (1st Generation) 1940s-1950s

• Mudasobwa yakoreshaga Vacuum Tubes
• Yari nini cyane, hafi gukwira icyumba cyose.
• Yatwaraga amashanyarazi (electricity) menshi cyane.
• Yakoraga kumuvuduko wo hasi, kuburyo nicyizere ko ibasha gukora ibyo yahawe byose, cyari ntacyo. Yarashyuhaga cyane.
• Yaherezwaga amabwiriza (programmed) muri machine language (binary).
• Yokoreshwaga nabashakashatsi, no gutungana imibare (calculations) ikomeye, yo mugisirikare

Urugero: ENIAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 701

Vacuum Tubes: ni amatara yakoreshwaga nkubwonko bwa mudasobwa yo mukiragano cyambere. Iyo ayo matara yakaga, amashanyarazi (electricity) yaratambukaga, mudasobwa ikabona gutangira gukora calculations yimibare nandi ma logics. Ni akuma gafite ubushyuhe bwinshi (heated metal filament), kashyirwaga mwitara ry'ikirahuri, kirimo ubusa.

Machine language: ni ururimi rwumvwa na mudasobwa gusa, bigoranye ko umuntu isanzwe yarusoma byoroshye, rukoreshwa muguha mudasobwa amabwiriza.

2. Ikiragano cya kabiri (2nd generation) 1950s-1960s

• Mudasobwa yakoresheje transistors.
• Yari nto, yihuta, nicyizere cyuko yakora neza ibyo yahawe, kirazamuka kurusha mbere. Yari ifite imbaraga, kurusha vacuum tubes.
• Yakoreshaga magnetic core memory
• Yakoreshaga Assembly Language kuyiprogramma, na High-Level Languages zabanje, nk COBOL cyangwa FORTRAN.
• Yo yabashije gukoreshwa muri businesses, gufasha goverinoma (government) gutunganya amakuru.

Urugero: IBM 1401, UNIVAC 1107, CDC 1604.

Transistors: ni udukoresho dutoya, dukoresha amashanyarazi, tugakora nkutuyafunga tukanayafungura (switch) muri mudasobwa, kugirango itangire itunganye amakuru.

Magnetic core memory: ni ububiko bw'amakuru (memory), bukozwe muri rukuruzi (magnets), zifite ishusho y'uruziga, zihambiriwe hamwe nudutsinga duto twinshi dukoze.

Assembly language: ni ururimi rusomwa nikiremwa muntu, muburyo bwa ma codes yatanzwe na mudasobwa, narwo ruri hafi kumera nka machine language.

High-level language: ni ururimi rumeze nkurwikiremwa muntu, rukoreshwa muguha mudasobwa amabwiriza.

3. Ikiragano cya gatatu (3rd generation) 1960s-1970s

• Hakoreshejwe Tekinoroji ya Integrated Circuits (ICs), na Transistors nyinshi kuri silicon chip imwe
• Yakoraga ibikorwa byayo, kumuvuduko wo hejuru bitangaje kandi ikabikora neza.
• Yagabanutse mubunini, kandi nigiciro kwisoko kiragabanuka.
• Yakoreshaga Operating System, mukugenzura ibice biyubatse.
• Yari ifite monitor na screen.

Urugero: IMB system/360, PDP-8, DEC minicomputers

Integrated Circuits: ni udukoresho duto cyane, dukoreshwa mw'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo kubika amakuru, kuyatunganya, no kuyahererekanya.

4. Ikiragano cya kane (4th generation) 1970s - kugeza ubu (present)

• Mudasobwa ikoresha ikoranabuhanga, rya microprocessors n'ibihumbi byamamiliyoni ya transistors kuri chip imwe gusa.
• Niryo vuko rya personal computer.
• Kugira imbaraga, kuba nto cyane, kandi igiciro cyayo cyorohera abantu benshi.
• Gukoresha Graphical Processing Unit (GPU), network na interineti.
• LEDs kuri laptops, smartphones na tablets.

Urugero: mudasobwa yambere ya IBM yo mubwoko bwa Personal Computer (PC), Apple Macintosh, buri desktop igezweho, laptop na seriveri nibwo zaje.

Graphic Processing Unit (GPU): ni agace ka mudasobwa, gatunganya amakuru ari mubwoko bwa amashusho cyangwa igishushanyo.

LEDs: ni udutara tuba kubikoresho bikoresha amashanyarazi, tuba twaka mumabara agiye atandukanye, nk'umutuku, icyatsi, yellow, orange nandi....

Microprocessors: ni Very-Large Scale Integrated Circuit ifite Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Central Processing Unit (CPU): ni ubwonko bwa mudasobwa. Niko gace ka mudasobwa, gatunganya amakuru.

Very-Large Scale Integrated Circuit: ni uguhuza transistors nyinshi muri chip imwe.

Chip: ni agakoresho gato cyane hafi kungana nurwara, gacukumbura amakuru, kakyabika, kakayasesengura, kakayahererekanya na mudasobwa.

Circuit: ni inzira zubatswe zinyuramo amashanyarazi (electricity).

Iyo CPU ifite uduce twinshi twitwa "cores," buri core ikora nka CPU muburyo bwuzuye ukwayo. Bivuzeko nimba CPU ifite cores enye (4), biba bimeze nkaho mudasobwa ifite CPU enye (4).

Parallel processing: Nukuntu CPU ifata igikorwa kinini, ikagicagaguramo udukorwa duto, buri gace kagakorwa na core ukwako, aho kugirango igikorwa kinini cyose gikorwe na CPU imwe. Ibi bituma igikorwa cyihuta, kikarangira mugihe gito cyane.

5. Ikiragano cya gatanu kuva ubu—kugeza nyuma yaho (5th generation) from present—beyond

• Hari gukoreshwa Tekinoroji ya Utra-Large Scale Integration, hibandwa ku bwenge buhangano (Artificial Intelligence).
• Hari gukora cyane Tekinoroji ya pararell processing, quantum computing na nanotechnology.

Quantum: ni ingano ntoya ishoboka, y'ikintu runaka.

Physics: ni ubushakashatsi bwiga, uko ibintu karemano (nature) biri mw'isanzure (universe) byitwara, uko bikora ingendo (motion), imbaraga bikoresha cyangwa birema (force), nimbaraga bishoboka kubyazwa (energy), nuko byagenze cyangwa uko bigenda kugirango bibeho (matter).

Quantum Physics: ni igice cya Physics cyiga kutuntu dutoya cyane.

Quantum Computing : ni uburyo bushya bwa mudasobwa, bwo gukemura ikibazo runaka no gutunganya amakuru hakoreshejwe Quantum Physics, kumuvuduko wo hejuru cyane kuruta gukoresha computer zisanzwe.

Ibyagiye byitabwaho cyane, mwihindagurika ry'ibiragano

• Kugabanya ubunini bwa mudasobwa
• Kongera umuvuduko nimbaraga bya mudasobwa.
• Kugabanya igiciro bya mudasobwa ningano y'amashanyarazi ikoresha
• Kongera icyizere cyo gukora neza, ibyo yahawe byose, no kuyikoresha muburyo bworoshye.